Salmonella typhimurium causes symptoms resembling typhoid fever and gastroenteritis in humans. Its toxicity is due to an outer membrane consisting largely of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which is responsible for the host immune response. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-apoptotic ability of Lactobacillus plantarum and reduce Salmonella-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 secretion. Adhesive tests were performed using lactobacilli co-cultured with the colon cancer cell line HCT-116 for 2 hours. The strains displaying the highest adhesion were selected for downstream 3- (4, 5- Dimethylthiazol -2-yl) -2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tests to assess cytotoxicity. The supernatants of Lactobacillus cultured with HCT-116 cells for 24 and 48 h to evaluate the inhibitory effect. To determine Interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion in colon cancer induced by S. typhimurium, we stimulated HCT-116 cells with S. typhimurium and co-cultured with lactobacilli for 24 h. Lactobacilli had the most significant inhibitory effects on cell growth, and their inhibitory effects were time-dependent. Strain No. 03-03-026 caused cancer cell deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation, and the anti-apoptosis protein (B-cell lymphoma 2) was reduced in the HCT-116 cells as determined. IL-8 production in colon cancer cells was significantly reduced by these lactobacilli. Our results suggested that lactobacilli maybe effectively reduce the numbers of S. typhimurium, IL-8 levels and the anti-apoptotic phosphorylated-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and B-cell lymphoma 2 proteins. Lactobacillus can be added to the diet as a food additive to prevent colorectal cancer and used to be the prophylactic agent against S. typhimurium.

Three types of mills (Buhler, Quadrumat, and industry mill) have been used to determine the effect of mill type on the quality of the produced flour. Quadrumat and Buhler mills are usually used to produce flour at a laboratory level. Flour quality has been determined physically, chemically, and rheologically. Results showed that the particle size of flour produced by Buhler mill (FPB) was finer (mostly less than 132 μm) than other produced flour, while flour produced by Quadrumat mill (FPQ) had 8% particle size bigger than 50gg, which is more than Iraqi accepted limit (5%). The moisture content of FPQ exceeded the moisture content limit (14%). While, all flour produced by industry mills (FPI) was within the Iraqi standard in term of particle sizes and moisture content. Gluten content of FPB was higher than other produced flours; however, most increments were not significantly different. The results also showed that using different mills has no clear effect on the gluten index and alpha-amylase activity. Farinogram and extensogram results showed that FPQ was stronger than other produced flour followed by FPI. In conclusion, the quality of FPQ was closer to the quality of FPI, however, Quadrumat mill needs to be adjusted to produce flour with finer particle sizes and lower moisture content. The Buhler mill, on the other hand, needs to be adjusted to produce flour with bigger particle size. Both laboratory mills (Quadrumat and Buhler) need to be adjusted to produce flour that expresses FPI correctly.

There are many opportunities in the global food market for innovations, through the valorization of artisanal technologies based on the local raw material. In this context we were interested in the development of cookies based on a local variety of sorghum from northern Cameroon, the so-called S35 sorghum variety and a local cowpea from northern Cameroon the so called "sekem variety". During the production of flours for cookies, the extraction yields were as follows: 46.67% for sorghum flour and 55.60% for cowpea flour. It was found that it was technically possible to produce these types of cookies. Several production trials were done and submitted to a panel for sensory analysis. The results showed that amongst different produced cookies, the one with 45% sorghum, 40% wheat, and 15% cowpea was the most appreciated by the members of the test panel. 70% of panelists considered them as "very good" against 30% who considered them as "good". 60% of test panelists indicate that cookies with 50% sorghum, 40% wheat and 10% cowpea were "good", against 40% who thought they were "not too bad". Meanwhile 50% of the test panelists considered that the cookies made of 55% sorghum, 40% wheat and 5% cowpea were "good" against 50% who indicate this as "bad" and "not too bad". Proximate analysis of the cookies of trial 3 showed that it contained about 12.50% proteins, 84.10% carbohydrates, 27.34% lipids and 1.50% fiber.

Hot Smoked Spiced Catfish (HSSC) samples prepared under optimal conditions (garlic, 7.29 g/100 ml; ginger, 7.50 g/100 ml; turmeric, 2.5 g/100 ml; soaking temperature, 38.68 °C and soaking time, 7.51 min) were stored at ambient temperature (30±2 °C) for a period of 20 days to evaluate storage stability; un-spiced hot smoked catfish served as control. Moisture Content (MC), Thiobarbutric Acid (TBA), Peroxide Value (PV), Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Total Viable Counts (TVC) and Mould Counts (MoC) were monitored at two-day intervals as a measure of the storage stability indices. Sensory attributes of the Optimized Hot Smoked Spiced Catfish (OHSSC), control (unspiced) and commercial hot-smoked catfish were determined using a preference test. The storage stability indices values for HSSC were in the range of 6.64 - 7.01% (MC), 4.50 - 13.77 mg MDA/kg (TBA), 0.20 - 2.84 mEq/kg (PV), 0.72 - 9.64% (FFA), 9.50 - 57.00 cfu/g (TVC), 8.00 - 34.50 cfu/g (MoC). The control sample values were in the range of 6.97 - 7.30% (MC), 5.51 - 14.92 mg MDA/kg (TBA), 0.23 to 2.86 mEq/kg (PV), 2.24 - 11.88% (FFA), 13.50 - 113.00 cfu/g (TVC), and 10.00 - 49.00 cfu/g(MoC). The sensory evaluation indicated that OHSSC was most preferred in all the evaluated sensory parameters. This study established the synergistic effects of garlic and turmeric on the keeping quality and sensory attributes of hot-smoked catfish with the prospect of reducing post harvest losses.

Dietary fiber intake is significantly below the recommended daily allowances worldwide, making fortification of foods with dietary fiber a vital strategy. Simultaneously, there is a trend towards increased consumption of processed meat products containing substantial amounts of fat, making processed meat products an excellent vehicle to deliver fiber. In this study, the effects of adding four types of dietary fiber (Resistant Starch (RS), Polydextrose (POD), Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and Galactooligosaccharides (GOS)) to chicken nuggets were investigated. Fibers were added at three levels (5, 10 and 15%) to replace 33.33, 66.66, and 100%, respectively, of the chicken skin. The difference between the removed quantity of chicken skin and added fiber was compensated with water. Chicken nuggets were evaluated by measuring color, texture, proximate composition, yield and consumers’ acceptability. Results indicated that replacement of the chicken skin entirely with dietary fiber is possible without negatively affecting the final product quality.

gboma is a leafy vegetable commonly consumed in Benin, which plays an important role in food security. This study assessed the handling and preservation practices as well as quality attributes of gboma along the supply chain in Southern Benin. A survey among 785 people (285 producers, 180 whole salers/retailers, and 326 consumers) living in four Departments of Benin was conducted to evaluate the consumption frequency, the transportation mode, the preservation methods and quality attributes of gboma during purchasing. The survey revealed that, in general, gboma sauce is consumed twice to three times a month in all the departments covered. Different practices, including humidification, were used to preserve the leaves during selling. Traditional baskets or old clothes were used for the transportation and storage of gboma. Important quality attributes mostly used by actors during purchasing were freshness and color followed by physical damage and, to a lesser extent, weight and leaf surface at different degrees. gboma is currently sold in informal markets; however, improving handling and selling practices could preserve the freshness of this leafy vegetable that could then be placed in conventional supermarkets. Thereby, the selling and consequently the production level will increase, with positive impact on the income of producers.

The purpose of the study was to identify the motivations and the barriers that stakeholders face regarding Short Food Supply Chains (SFSC). Two focus groups with stakeholders of the agricultural sector and SFSC were conducted in the Netherlands and Switzerland. A first fundamental topic addressed by participants was the one related to the definition of SFSC, which is far from consensual,"short" being often associated and sometimes confused with local, direct, small, fair, ecological, fresh, healthy, etc. However, a series of positive and negative factors influencing SFSC development, and the involvement of agri-food stakeholders were identified. On the one hand, the unique relationship built through direct contact between producers and consumers, the fair distribution of value added in the chain that producers can find in engaging in SFSC, the increasing number of SFSC initiatives, the farm resilience, and territorial strategies that are being developed seem to be the most positive aspects, that can explain the trends moving towards these types of distribution channel. On the other hand, many hindering factors were also identified, such as weak communication and marketing capacity of producers, and a lack of efficiency and cooperation between peers. The fierce competition of conventional distribution, using green washing, together with a profusion of labels, price issues, and unsuitable standards were mentioned as the main threats faced by SFSC actors.

In recent times, Short Food Supply Chains (SFSCs), i.e., supply chains in which the number of intermediaries between farmer and consumer are minimal or ideally nil, and local markets have flourished in Europe, both in rural and urban areas. SMARTCHAIN is a 3-year Horizon 2020 multi-actor project of 43 partners from 11 European countries, including key stakeholders from the short food supply chain domain – a kaleidoscope of ‘actors’ where science meets a wide range of non-technical disciplines and stakeholders across the agri-food value chain. Its central objective is to develop a portfolio of technological, organisational, social, and digital innovations, which will be validated in a Living Lab approach (18 pan-European use cases on short food supply chains) ensuring powerful co-creation and testing. SMARTCHAIN will develop 9 national Innovation Hubs and the SMARTCHAIN Innovation Platform, a digital portal for building a stakeholder community, and facilitating engagement, communication, and knowledge exchange across stakeholders. This special issue focuses on the most recent developments with respect to innovation in short food supply chains and publishes original research articles in this field.

Pasteurized fresh milk requires an accurate estimation of shelf life under various conditions to minimize the risk of spoilage and product losses. Milk samples were stored for 56 h in an oven at 25°C and for 15 days in a refrigerator at 4°C. Samples were analyzed using an electronic nose (e-nose), total bacterial count, titratable acidity and pH to determine the quality of milk. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) were used to analyze e-nose data of milk stored at 25°C, and 4°C. A clear shift in quality was identified by the e-nose, which also appeared in the total bacterial count after 24 h and 12 days for storage at 25 and 4°C, respectively. On the other hand, titratable acidity exceeded the normal limits of 0.14 % - 0.21 % after 24 h for storage at 25°C (0.247 ± 0.006 %) and after 15 days for storage at 4°C (0.25 ± 0.01 %). If pH was a good indicator of quality for samples stored at 25°C, it showed no clear trends for samples stored at 4°C. Based on the microbial count data and e-nose output, the milk had a shelf life of 0.3 day (i.e. 8 h) when stored at 25°C. Shelf life was extended to 9 days when stored at 4°C.

Consumption pattern among indigenous groups is usually influenced by consumers' sociocultural and perceptual factors. This study employs the binary logit model to analyse the factors that influence the consumption of sunflower oil in Kumasi, Ghana. A cross-sectional approach was used to obtain data from 200 consumers who were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. The results showed that a majority (93%) of the respondents were aware of the availability of sunflower oil on the local market and a third (69.5%) had used it for cooking before. The respondents agreed with the perception statements that sunflower oil is healthy, expensive, reduces the risk of heart diseases and cancer and has better frying performance. The empirical results of the logit regression model showed that consumption of sunflower oil is influenced by household size, awareness of the product and perceptions on health benefits, price and frying performance of sun ower oil. The price of the oil was identified as the most important constraint to its use albeit it had no negative effect on its consumption. Investments in the production and promotional strategies on the use of sunflower oil should consider the significant variables that have influence on its consumption.