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Online ISSN:
2182-1054

Volume 13 , Issue 1, (2024)

Published:
01.05.2024.

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Vol 11, No 1 (2022)

Published: 18.04.2022.

Special Issue Editors

Professor Margarida Cortez Vieira High Institute of Engineering of University of Algarve, Estrada da Penha 139, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal

Professor Paulo José do Amaral Sobral University of São Paulo - Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Campus Fernando Costa – USP, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil

Foreword

Over the last years, the European agri-food system has become increasingly complex bringing several issues to light regarding transparency, environmental policy, worker’s rights, and food ethics. Today, most of EU’s population buys food from large supermarket chains. However, a range of alternatives have been developed to improve competitiveness including various models of short food supply chains (SFSCs) where farmers sell their produce directly to consumers or with a minimum number of intermediaries, both in rural and urban areas. These family-oriented companies of small and medium sized (SME) producers are under threat from the aggressive sales tactics of large-scale agri-food enterprises and intensive competition from international markets. There is undoubtedly a need for innovative re-organization of the current food supply chains. For this reason, SFSCs are of considerable interest, responding to several needs and opportunities, both of farmers and consumers. They function as a driver of change and a model to increase transparency, trust, equity, and growth throughout the agri-food chain.

The central objective of the SMARTCHAIN project was to foster and accelerate the shift towards collaborative SFSCs and, through specific actions and recommendations, to introduce new robust business models and innovative practical solutions that enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of the European agri-food system. SMARTCHAIN was a three-year project with 43 partners from nine European and two associated countries. The consortium included key stakeholders from the domain of SFSCs, in particular, 18 case studies of widespread SFSCs in Europe with remarkable social, economic, and ecological impacts on rural, peri-urban, and urban communities. To strengthen co-creation and collaboration between partners and stakeholders, nine SMARTCHAIN Innovation & Collaboration Hubs have been established in France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Serbia, Spain, and Switzerland. The SMARTCHAIN Special Issue is a collection of ten scientific publications, showcasing the most relevant outcomes of the project and its work packages.

Authors in this issue:

Djomdi, Abeer Alhendi, Anaïs Amiot, Annabel Levert, Anthonia F. Akinbisoye, Antonius Hintono, Balsam Q. Almukhtar, Beatrice I. O. Ade-Omowaye, Bolanle Aishat Akinwande, Catarina Vieito, Cédric Bertrand, Cheryl Cordeiro, DJOULDE DARMAN Roger, Fadi Goygoy, funmilayo Abioye, Inés Mármol, Jaap van Hal, Joana Santos, Khoirun Nisa, Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi, Manuela Vaz-Velho, Miria Hespanhol Miranda Reis, Nuhoodh K. Al-Hayani, Ololade Abosede Olodude, Rendy Aditya, Rendy Bayu Aditya, Siti Susanti, SOGO OLATUNDE, Tamadher H. Ahmad, Tenila dos Santos Faria, Valentinus Priyo Bintoro, Vanessa Andreu, Vicelma Luiz Cardoso, Vivian Consuelo Reolon Schmidt, Vusi Mshayisa, Wasan S. Albayati, Zahraa K. Ali,

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

Student perceptions of collaborative and blended learning in food science and technology

Blended learning refers to the use of conventional face-to-face learning experiences in combination with online education resources and practices. An increase in enrolments and a more diverse student body has intensified the demand to develop first-year teaching and learning pedagogies. Food science and technology lecturers must facilitate constructive learning in order to develop student skills, including critical thinking, teamwork, and self-directed learning. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate student perceptions of collaborative and blended learning. Students were exposed to various technology-enhanced pedagogical tools and face-to-face teaching strategies such as online academic journal reflections, video screencasts, group assignments, food processing practicals, and group crossword puzzles. A mixed-method survey consisting of multiple-choice, a 5-point Likert scale, and open-ended qualitative questions was administered via Blackboard. A total of 133 students were registered for the module, and 72.1% (n = 96) completed the survey. In this study, respondents felt they were prepared to complete the online group assignments (82%), which illustrates that they could learn the course material through collaboration. Moreover, 87% of the students agreed that they could keep up with the coursework in the blended format. Students recommended that there should be more lecture designed video screencasts, and they should be offered more opportunities to do oral presentations in this module. The respondents positively received collaborative and blended learning. The findings of this study, in general, affirm the merits of incorporating blended and collaborative learning in food science and technology curricula.

Vusi Mshayisa

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

Comparisons between flour qualities produced by three different mills: buhler, quadrumat, and industry mills

Three types of mills (Buhler, Quadrumat, and industry mill) have been used to determine the effect of mill type on the quality of the produced flour. Quadrumat and Buhler mills are usually used to produce flour at a laboratory level. Flour quality has been determined physically, chemically, and rheologically. Results showed that the particle size of flour produced by Buhler mill (FPB) was finer (mostly less than 132 μm) than other produced flour, while flour produced by Quadrumat mill (FPQ) had 8% particle size bigger than 50gg, which is more than Iraqi accepted limit (5%). The moisture content of FPQ exceeded the moisture content limit (14%). While, all flour produced by industry mills (FPI) was within the Iraqi standard in term of particle sizes and moisture content. Gluten content of FPB was higher than other produced flours; however, most increments were not significantly different. The results also showed that using different mills has no clear effect on the gluten index and alpha-amylase activity. Farinogram and extensogram results showed that FPQ was stronger than other produced flour followed by FPI. In conclusion, the quality of FPQ was closer to the quality of FPI, however, Quadrumat mill needs to be adjusted to produce flour with finer particle sizes and lower moisture content. The Buhler mill, on the other hand, needs to be adjusted to produce flour with bigger particle size. Both laboratory mills (Quadrumat and Buhler) need to be adjusted to produce flour that expresses FPI correctly.

Abeer Alhendi, Tamadher H. Ahmad, Wasan S. Albayati, Balsam Q. Almukhtar, Zahraa K. Ali, Nuhoodh K. Al-Hayani

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

Development and sensory evaluation of a cookie from composite sorghum and cowpea flour

There are many opportunities in the global food market for innovations, through the valorization of artisanal technologies based on the local raw material. In this context we were interested in the development of cookies based on a local variety of sorghum from northern Cameroon, the so-called S35 sorghum variety and a local cowpea from northern Cameroon the so called "sekem variety". During the production of flours for cookies, the extraction yields were as follows: 46.67% for sorghum flour and 55.60% for cowpea flour. It was found that it was technically possible to produce these types of cookies. Several production trials were done and submitted to a panel for sensory analysis. The results showed that amongst different produced cookies, the one with 45% sorghum, 40% wheat, and 15% cowpea was the most appreciated by the members of the test panel. 70% of panelists considered them as "very good" against 30% who considered them as "good". 60% of test panelists indicate that cookies with 50% sorghum, 40% wheat and 10% cowpea were "good", against 40% who thought they were "not too bad". Meanwhile 50% of the test panelists considered that the cookies made of 55% sorghum, 40% wheat and 5% cowpea were "good" against 50% who indicate this as "bad" and "not too bad". Proximate analysis of the cookies of trial 3 showed that it contained about 12.50% proteins, 84.10% carbohydrates, 27.34% lipids and 1.50% fiber.

DJOULDE DARMAN Roger, Fadi Goygoy, Djomdi

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

Influence of extraction methods on phenolic compounds from pulp and peel of genipap (Genipa americana L.) fruit

Brazil has a great variety of fruits which are rich in bioactive compounds, such as the genipap fruit. Both the peel and the pulp of genipap have beneficial components for health, making the study of this fruit important for the proper use of its functionalities. The objective of this work was the extraction of bioactive compounds from the peel and pulp of genipap by different techniques. Extraction processes were carried out using different devices (orbital incubator shaker, ultrasonic bath, and ultrasonic probe) and at different temperatures (40, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C). The best process for extracting phenolic compounds from the pulp of genipap fruit was with the ultrasonic probe at 40 °C, which indicated the efficiency of applying the sound waves directly to the sample. Regarding the peel, the best method for extracting phenolic compounds was using the orbital incubator shaker at 80°C.

Tenila dos Santos Faria, Miria Hespanhol Miranda Reis, Vivian Consuelo Reolon Schmidt, Vicelma Luiz Cardoso

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

Influence of extraction solvent on the biological properties of maritime pine bark (Pinus pinaster)

Maritime pine bark (Pinus pinaster Aiton subsp. atlantica) is rich in polyphenols with known bioactive properties which are beneficial for human health. However, biological activities of bark extracts depend on the type of polyphenols extracted and the characteristics of these extractives depend on several factors such as the type of solvents used. The influence of the extraction solvent on the composition and consequently on the properties of the extracts has been poorly described. Thus, in this study the influence of the extraction solvent (water, ethanol and ethanol-water (50/50 v/v%)) on the antibacterial and anticancer properties of P. pinaster bark samples were evaluated. LC-DAD-MS profiling of the different extracts was also carried out to study their polyphenol composition. Results show that extraction solvent must be carefully chosen with respect to foreseeing use of bark extracts, since ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts displayed the greatest antibacterial activity whereas water extracts showed increased anticancer properties.

Inés Mármol, Catarina Vieito, Vanessa Andreu, Annabel Levert, Anaïs Amiot, Cédric Bertrand, Mª Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi, Joana Santos, Manuela Vaz-Velho

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

Storage stability of hot smoked spiced african catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Hot Smoked Spiced Catfish (HSSC) samples prepared under optimal conditions (garlic, 7.29 g/100 ml; ginger, 7.50 g/100 ml; turmeric, 2.5 g/100 ml; soaking temperature, 38.68 °C and soaking time, 7.51 min) were stored at ambient temperature (30±2 °C) for a period of 20 days to evaluate storage stability; un-spiced hot smoked catfish served as control. Moisture Content (MC), Thiobarbutric Acid (TBA), Peroxide Value (PV), Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Total Viable Counts (TVC) and Mould Counts (MoC) were monitored at two-day intervals as a measure of the storage stability indices. Sensory attributes of the Optimized Hot Smoked Spiced Catfish (OHSSC), control (unspiced) and commercial hot-smoked catfish were determined using a preference test. The storage stability indices values for HSSC were in the range of 6.64 - 7.01% (MC), 4.50 - 13.77 mg MDA/kg (TBA), 0.20 - 2.84 mEq/kg (PV), 0.72 - 9.64% (FFA), 9.50 - 57.00 cfu/g (TVC), 8.00 - 34.50 cfu/g (MoC). The control sample values were in the range of 6.97 - 7.30% (MC), 5.51 - 14.92 mg MDA/kg (TBA), 0.23 to 2.86 mEq/kg (PV), 2.24 - 11.88% (FFA), 13.50 - 113.00 cfu/g (TVC), and 10.00 - 49.00 cfu/g(MoC). The sensory evaluation indicated that OHSSC was most preferred in all the evaluated sensory parameters. This study established the synergistic effects of garlic and turmeric on the keeping quality and sensory attributes of hot-smoked catfish with the prospect of reducing post harvest losses.

SOGO OLATUNDE, Anthonia F. Akinbisoye, Beatrice I. O. Ade-Omowaye

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

Chemical composition, nutritional, functional and pasting properties of yellow root cassava grits and african yam bean flour blends

The effect of African Yam Bean (AYB) flour substitution on the nutritional, functional and pasting properties of yellow root cassava grits was investigated. Cassava grits were obtained by peeling, washing, cutting (5.5 cm thickness in cubes), soaking (72 h, 28±2 °C), dewatering, roasting (120 °C, 20 min), sieving and milling. Roasted AYB flour was obtained by cleaning, roasting (190 °C, 10 min), dehulling, milling and sieving (425 μm). Simple lattice design was used to generate different formulations, 100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40 and 0:100 of cassava grits and AYB flour, respectively. These were analyzed for chemical composition, amino acid profile, minerals, functional and pasting properties. Total ash, protein, β-carotene and hydrogen cyanide were in the ranges of 2.16-2.66%, 2.72-20.43%, 1.33 to 3.97 µg/g and 0.07-4.47 mg/kg, respectively. Total essential amino acids and total non-essential amino acids were in the ranges of 32.51-40.18% and 59.82-67.48%. Potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese and sodium of the blends ranged from 338.00-646.75, 188.00-508.00, 358.00-532.50, 59.25-140.00, 0.12-0.19, 1.07-1.71, 7.25-38.25, 25.25-161.50 mg/100 g, respectively. Bulk density, water absorption capacity, swelling capacity and swelling index ranged from 0.67-0.81 g/ml, 151.05-503.29 g/ml, 1.67-5.68 g/g and 2.86-13.32%, respectively. The blends of yellow root cassava grits and African yam bean flour could provide nutritious food formulations and offer good potential for food security.

funmilayo Abioye, Ololade Abosede Olodude, Bolanle Aishat Akinwande

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

Practical reflection and benefits of making a food garden at home during Covid-19 pandemic

The partial lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia pushed people to work from and spend more time at home. During this unprecedented time, many people pursued new hobbies in gardening, which proved to enhance physical and mental health. With anxieties regarding food insecurity, food gardens became a new urban trend. With a relatively tiny space available, it is possible to make an urban food garden in the front yard of a house using various cultivation techniques to maximize space. However, the implementation of food gardens in urban houses is quite challenging due to limited space. Then, we reflect on the practical process and personal benefits gained from developing a tiny food garden at home. The tiny food garden could produce a variety of vegetables and herbs, such as the spinach family, lettuce, Asian greens, the tomato family, eggplants, the basil family, mint, rosemary, moringas, and butterfly-pea flowers. It may support a household with few amounts of fresh emergency food in the worst scenario during the Covid-19 pandemic. Besides, developing a tiny food garden at home may also provide co-benefits such as enhanced subjective well-being, increased appreciation of food and the environment, motivating others to start gardening at home, and great personal satisfactions of consuming home-grown food. With all these socio-ecological co-benefits, home food garden must be integrated as a strategy to achieve urban sustainability and increase household food resilience.

Rendy Bayu Aditya, Rendy Aditya

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

Physical and chemical characteristics of beef marinated by cashew apple extract

Marination is one of the methods that are often used in beef processing in an attempt to obtain high quality of beef. Cashew apple extract marinade (CAM) improves the microbiological characteristics of meat by inhibiting the growth of meat bacteria. The effect of CAM on other aspects such as physical (microbiological, tenderness, cooking loss, water holding capacity and pH) and chemical (moisture, fat and protein content) characteristics of meat have not been evaluated, which would be beneficial for the utilisation of agroindustry waste in the meat industry. In this study, the effect of CAM on the physical and chemical characteristics of beef, including microbiological characteristics, tenderness, cooking loss and water holding capacity, was evaluated. CAM (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) was used during beef processing for 4 h at refrigeration temperature. Significant effects of CAM were observed on the physical and chemical characteristics of beef. CAM increased beef tenderness and reduced total bacteria, cooking loss, moisture, fat, and protein content. The optimum concentration of CAM for which significant changes were observed in the physical and chemical characteristics of beef was 20%. Thus, cashew apple can be utilised as a promising marinade agent in beef processing with the criteria of food for specific health use. This approach will help reduce cashew apple waste and is an eco-friendly approach.

Siti Susanti, Valentinus Priyo Bintoro, Antonius Hintono, Khoirun Nisa

18.04.2022.

Original scientific paper

A systems integral approach in exploring creative innovation in culinary research: the example of seaweed in the context of the new nordic cuisine

Creativity and innovation in culinary research have gained steady academic interest over the last decade. The scholastic interest in creative innovation ranges from its artistic value to culinary creations, gastronomic experiences, and food science and technology. Creative innovation is important for food enterprises to succeed in a highly competitive market. In the context of the New Nordic Cuisine, entrepreneurs and chefs are constantly challenged to bring something new to the dining table. In this context, the processes of creative innovation remain under researched, particularly in the use of seaweed. As such, using the example of seaweed, a relatively new food in the New Nordic Cuisine, the objective of this corpus based study was to explore creative innovation from a systems integral approach, in order to uncover salient themes that contribute the processes of creative innovation in culinary research, and bringing new foods to market. For a corpus driven study, we built a small corpora of interviews with chefs, and food entrepreneurs. We enquired after what inspired and motivated them when faced with a challenge of bringing a relatively new food to market, or in creating new dishes with new available food technologies. The results suggested that food technology plays a critical role in creative innovation, and the resulting new dishes that can be presented to customers. They also suggested that seaweed in the New Nordic Cuisine is an emerging food concept, and that it is embedded in a social and cultural history and familiarity of the Nordic people.

Cheryl Cordeiro, Jaap van Hal

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